SS Grade 8

Chapter 22 Sections 3 and 4

Section 3

Jazz Age

Fads caught on and disappeared as fast as they appeared. Ex. Dance marathons, Flagpole sitting, mahjong.

Flappers- young women who rebelled against traditional ways of thinking and acting.

  Radios, movies, and newspapers created heroines and heroes across the country:

Ex;  Babe Ruth(Baseball),

       Charles Lindbergh(Lucky Lindy)- First airplane pilot to fly nonstop across the Atlantic.
        He stood for American spirit, energy, and optimism.

 

New Music:

Jazz- a kind of music that combined African African Rhythms with European harmonies.

Black musicians in New Orleans and Chicago created jazz from ragtime and blues.

Louis(Satchmo) Armstrong was one of the brilliant young musicians who helped create jazz.

Duke Ellington- Bandleader

Bessie Smith- Singer

New dances- The Charleston and the Lindy.

Many older people thought that jazz music and new dances were corrupting the morals of the young people.

The Great migration introduced Jazz music outside of the South.  The radio helped spread Jazz beyond the African American community.

Jazz was so popular that the decade of the 1920’s became known as the Jazz Age.

 

Literature

A new generation of American writers earned worldwide fame in the 1920’s.

1. Ernest Hemingway: Wrote A Farewell to Arms a novel about a young man’s growing disgust for the war. He was also the author of, The Sun Also Rises.

 

     2.Sinclair Lewis wrote Babbitt: he presented small town Americans as dull and narrow    minded.

      

     3. F.Scott Fitzgerald: Wrote The Great Gatsby, a book about wealthy people who attended parties,but could not find happiness.

 

The Harlem Renaissance

 

1. In the 1920’s, large numbers of African American musicians, artists, and writers, settled in Harlem, New York.

1. Harlem Renaissance- a rebirth of African American culture.  For the first time, white Americans took notice of the achievements of the African Americans.
   
   a) African American writer Langston Hughes became a leading poet.  He denounced violence against African Americans.

           b) James Weldon Johnson: Wrote editorials for The New York Age, one of the most influential                  and important African American owned newspapers in the country.































Chapter 22 Section 1

 

Return to Normalcy

The 1920’s- Wilson and the Democrats lose popularity

*mishandled Treaty of Versailles

*failing economy

*labor disputes(violent strikes)  

Warren Harding(Republican)promised a Return to Normalcy

Harding was a strong supporter of big business

Harding won the election- his presidency was marked by scandal as he appointed some of his friends to positions in the government.

*Charles Forbes the head of the Veterans Bureau was convicted of accepting about 200 million dollars in bribes.

*Albert Fall-Secretary of the Interior was tried and convicted of secretly leasing a government-owned oil reserve at Teapot Dome, Wyoming to an oil man.  He received a bribe of $400,00.00 (Teapot Dome Scandal)

*  1923 Harding suffered a heart attack and died.  He was never linked to any of the crimes of his administration.

   Vice President Calvin Coolidge became the President.

*He was a soft-spoken, but serious man who was known for his honesty and integrity.

* He restored the public’s trust in the government after the scandal-riddled Harding administration.

 

Foreign Involvement

*Most Americans did not favor getting involved in world affairs.  They leaned toward an Isolationist approach.

*1920’s-The United States tried to promote world peace and disarmament.

*The United States joined the Washington Naval Arms Conference in 1921.  This resulted in a treaty LIMITING the navies of the United States, Britain, France, Italy, and Japan.

*1928- the Kellogg-Briand Pact-United States joined with France to form this pact.  This pact CONDEMNED military aggression and outlawed war…… It imposed NO punishment on a country that did act aggressively…. SO it was not effective in preventing war!!!

Coolidge believed like so many Presidents before him that the United States had a right to protect American business interests in foreign countries.

*He sent troops to Nicaragua to protect American interests after a revolution broke out there.

* Mexico threatened to take over foreign-owned oil lands that the United States had vested interests in.  Coolidge handled this DIPLOMATICALLY…….

 

Red Scare

Communism sent a wave of concern at home as well as abroad.

Labor strikes alarmed many Americans that were frightened a revolution would start in this country like in Russia.

*1919 a series of bombings by anarchists set Americans into complete distrust and suspicion of all foreign-born people.

*Thousand of anarchists or REDS (Communists) were arrested and deported.

Sacco and Vanzetti(Italian Immigrants) -arrested and charged with robbing and murdering two payroll employees.  Found guilty and executed for their crimes. There was really little evidence that they were guilty: The case focused on the fact that they were foreigners and anarchists.

 

Immigration became limited because of fears that the country was being overwhelmed by foreigners.  Americans felt they were losing their jobs to these immigrants.

• Between 1921- and 1929- Congress passed Immigration laws limiting the number of immigrants admitted to the country from eastern and southern Europe.

• Asian immigrants were completely prohibited.

Immigration laws did not apply to people from the Americas.
 

Chapter 22 Section  2

Prohibition

Temperance reformers supported the ban on alcohol.

Many Americans saw it as a way to conserve grains during the war.

18th Amendment ratified in 1919-prohibited making, selling, or transporting alcohol.

Law difficult to enforce which led to the rise of bootleggers and speakeasies.

The growth of bootleggers led to a rise in organized crime.

Prohibition failed which led to the repealing of the 18th amendment.

1933- 21st amendment approved which repealed prohibition.

-19th Amendment (1920)gave women the right to vote in their first presidential election.

Young women called flappers represented the true spirit of the 1920’s because their style of dress, activities, and attitudes was fun and free from past restrictions!

 

The automobile was a symbol of freedom in the 1920’s: new businesses were created, gas stations, roadside restaurants all developed along highways.

Cars and new roads made Americans more mobile: now families were able to move to the suburbs, families in rural areas were less isolated, and tourism increased.

***More middle-class families could now afford automobiles due to the invention of the assembly line.***

The radio was introduced in the 1920’s.  Mostly every household could afford a radio.

Movies were also introduced in the1920’s- First films were silent films.

1927-First talkie: The Jazz Singer.

Animated movies also began in the 1920’s.

 ***Walt Disney Company founded in 1923***

 

Scopes Trial of 1925 - John Scopes, a high school biology teacher, was accused of violating Tennessee law by teaching the theory of evolution.

He challenged this law, was convicted, and lost his job!

 

Great Migration-large amounts of African Americans moving up north from down south seeking an escape from discrimination and seeking jobs.

Racial tensions peaked and riots broke out in cities.

Marcus Garvey- Jamaican immigrant who created the Universal Negro Improvement Association.  He motivated African Americans to accomplish anything that they wanted.

He promoted black pride and unity.  He strongly encouraged African Americans to return to Africa.

Racial tensions gave resurgence to the KKK. The group not only scorned blacks but Catholics, Jews, and immigrants too!

Chapter 22 Sections 3 and 4

Section 3